Ramayana ​
One of the two sacred epics in Hinduism
Tells the adventure of Rama
Worldview aspects ​
- Relationships, roles, obligations, loyalties
- Family and friendship
- Dasaratha fulfilling his promise
- Rama resisting the temptation of Surpanakha
- Bharat, Sita, Hanuman and Sugriva staying loyal to Rama
- Family and friendship
- Caste
- The monkeys (lower castes) sacrifice for Rama (ruling castes). Hanuman is venerated by dalits who identify with the monkeys.
- Gender constructs, norms
- Sita banished for suspicion of being impure
- Rama and Hanuman fighting with bravery
- Morality, ethics, righteousness
- Honour
- Rama defending the sage's honour
- Sometimes the heroes violate the code of conduct => evil force too strong? imperfection of the divine?
- Mutilation
- Attacking while hiding
- Honour
- Conundrums
- Family loyalty and duty take precedence over righteousness.
- Rama respecting his father's wishes
- Family loyalty and duty take precedence over righteousness.
Resume ​
“As the story opens the ruler of Lanka, the demon Ravana, has gained apparent invincibility by winning a promise from the gods that he cannot be destroyed by any divine or demonic creature: he is vulnerable only to human beings, who are too weak to be of account. Meanwhile in the city of Ayodhya, we learn, King Dasaratha has no male heir. In order to remedy this problem his ministers urge him to perform a special sacrifice, which causes his three wives to conceive sons. Firstborn among them is Rama [Ram], son of Queen Kaushalya; then come his three half-brothers, Bharat, son of Queen Kaikeyi, and Lakshman and Shatrughan, the twin sons of Queen Sumitra. Rama begins his career as a warrior while still a youth, when he defends a sage’s sacrifice by killing the demons that threaten its success. Subsequently, Rama wins his bride, Sita by stringing an enormous divine bow.
When King Dasaratha decides to retire, he chooses as his successor Rama, beloved among Ayodhya’s citizens for his wisdom and compassion. Soon, however, the king’s youngest queen, Kaikeyi, becomes convinced that if Rama were to become the sovereign, her fortunes and those of her son, Bharat, would suffer disastrous consequences. So Kaikeyi calls for the king to redeem two boons [promises] that he awarded her when once she saved his life on the battlefield: she asks first that Rama be banished to the forest for fourteen years and second, that her own son, Bharat be crowned in his place. Rama willingly accepts his fate, vowing to honour his father’s wishes, and sets off at once for the forest, accompanied by his wife, Sita and his half-brother Lakshman. When Bharat returns from a visit to his uncle and hears of the events that have transpired while he was away, he goes to the forest to persuade Rama to return. Rama, however, adheres to his vow, whereupon Bharat installs Rama’s sandals on the royal throne, agreeing only to serve as regent until Rama’s return from exile.
In the forest the threesome meet ascetic sages, travel through both beautiful and frightening landscapes, and eventually settle in a little hermitage. One day there appears a demoness named Surpanakha who falls in love with Rama and boldly offers herself to him in marriage. When Rama refuses her offer, she deems Sita the obstacle to her plan and prepares to eat her. In response, Laksman mutilates Surpanakha, prompting the demoness to flee to her brother, Ravana. When she complains of the cruelty of the two princes and tells of the extraordinary beauty of Sita, her words arouse in Ravana a passionate desire for Sita. By enlisting the aid of another demon, who takes the form of a golden deer, Ravana lures first Rama and then Lakshman away from their hermitage. Then, posing as a wandering holy man, Ravana gains entrance to the dwelling and carries Sita off to his island kingdom of Lanka.
In the course of his attempt to determine where Sita has been taken and then to gather allies for the fight against Ravana, Rama becomes involved in the politics of a monkey kingdom. There Rama meets Hanuman, who becomes his staunch devotee, and Sugriva, an exiled prince who, like Rama, has also suffered the loss of wife and kingdom. Sugriva and Rama make a pact: if Rama will help Sugriva win back his wife and throne – both currently under the control of his brother, Valin—then Sugriva will aid Rama in his search for Sita. During a battle between Sugriva and Valin, Rama conceals himself behind a tree and shoots Valin from this position of hiding, an act that violates the warrior’s code. Some time later Sugriva sends his warriors off in every direction seeking news of Sita’s whereabouts. Finally they learn that Sita has been imprisoned in Lanka.
Hanuman crosses the oceans to Lanka and locates Sita, dwelling under guard in a grove near Ravana’s palace. After he watches Ravana alternately threaten her life and attempt to seduce her, he gives her Rama’s signet ring, assuring her of imminent rescue. Then, when he allows himself to be brought to Ravana’s court, his tail is set afire. Escaping his captors, he sets the city on fire and then returns to help Rama’s forces prepare for war, adding the intelligence about the walled city of Lanka that he has gathered to information provided by Vibhisana, a brother of Ravana who has repudiated him to join Rama. The monkeys build a bridge to Lanka so that the army can cross. The ensuring battle sees great losses on both sides. Rama ultimately kills Ravana in one-to-one combat, whereupon Rama makes Vibhisana the new ruler of Lanka.
Rama at first refuses to take Sita back, since she has lived in the household of another man. After she successfully undergoes a trial by fire, however, he deems her worthy to take her place by his side. But continuing rumors questioning his chastity cause Rama to banish Sita – who is now pregnant – from his kingdom. Banished, she finds refuge with the venerable sage Valmiki, to whom the composition of the Ramayana is traditionally attributed, and in the shelter of his hermitage gives birth to twin sons, Lava and Kusa. Eventually, Sita abandons this world to return to the bosom of the earth, whence she came. Bereft by the loss of his wife, Rama finally ascends to heaven with members of his retinue.”
Ajitani Hifumi