Hybridization

Tags

Chem/Molecule

Cegep/2

Word count

209 words

Reading time

2 minutes

Mixing of orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals
Only occurs in the same shell

Types

Determined by electron pair arrangement

Steps to determine type of hybridization:

1. Draw Lewis structure
2. Determine electron arrangement
3. Deduce type of hybridization from electron arrangement

$\mathrm{sp}$ hybridization

Formation of 2 hybrid orbitals between 1$s$ and 1$p$ orbitals
Electron arrangement: linear

$\mathrm{sp}{\phantom{A}}^2$ hybridization

Formation of 3 hybrid orbitals between 1$s$ and 2$p$ orbitals
Electron arrangement: trigonal planar

$\mathrm{sp}{\phantom{A}}^3$ hybridization

Formation of 4 hybrid orbitals between 1$s$ and 3$p$ orbitals
Electron arrangement: tetrahedral

$\mathrm{sp}{\phantom{A}}_{\phantom{}}^{\phantom{3}}{\phantom{A}}_{\phantom{2}}^{\phantom{2}3}\mathrm{d}$ hybridization

Formation of 5 hybrid orbitals between 1$s$, 3$p$ and 1$d$ orbitals
Electron arrangement: trigonal bipyramidal

$\mathrm{sp}{\phantom{A}}_{\phantom{}}^{\phantom{3}}{\phantom{A}}_{\phantom{2}}^{\phantom{2}3}\mathrm{d}{\phantom{A}}^2$ hybridization

Formation of 6 hybrid orbitals between 1 $s$, 3$p$ and 2$d$ orbitals
Electron arrangement: octahedral

Bonds

Single bond -> 1 $\sigma$ bond ==with free rotation of atoms==
Double bond -> 1 $\sigma$ bond & 1 $\pi$ bond
Triple bond -> 1 $\sigma$ bond & 2 $\pi$ bonds

Examples

Determine the hybridization state of $\mathrm{CH}{\phantom{A}}_2\mathrm{O}$ and predict its molecular geometry.

Carbon: $\mathrm{sp}{\phantom{A}}^2$ hybridization
Oxygen: $\mathrm{sp}{\phantom{A}}^2$ hybridization

Contributors

Ajitani Hifumi

Changelog

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